November Gemstone: Citrine, Yellow Topaz
November Birthstone Color: Yellow 
 The first civilization thought to wear citrine (a yellow variety of quartz) were the Romans, who shaped it into cabochon—polished but unfaceted cuts of stone worn in jewelry. During the Romantic Period in turn-of-the-century Europe, citrine became more popular for the way it visually enhances gold jewelry. Citrine, like all forms of quartz, was believed to have magical powers and was worn as protection against evil and snake venom poisoning.
 
Some citrine actually began as purple amethyst, but heat from nearby molten rock changed it to a warm yellow color. Citrine is one of the less-common varieties of quartz, and it ranges from a pale yellow to a dark amber that's named Madeira for its resemblance to the red wine of Portugal.
Alternate Birthstone Yellow Topaz 
 
opaz is found in many colors such as blue, pink, brown, green, and colorless, but yellow is the color most often associated with this gem.
All yellow stones were once called topaz but today the real orange-red “imperial” variety is a rare find
Colorless, blue, yellow, brown, or pink aluminum silicate mineral, often found in association with granitic rocks and valued as a gemstone, especially in the brown and pink varieties
One of the most famous topaz gems is a giant specimen set in the Portuguese Crown.
Another beautiful topaz is kept in the Green Vault in Dresden. The Smithsonian Institution, American Museum of Natural History in New York, and the British Museum display also numerous outstanding rough or cut stones.
Topaz sources are distributed around the world. It is found in the gravel deposits along with other gemstones in Sri Lanka, Madagascar and Myanmar (formerly Burma), because of its hardness and specific gravity.

The most important source for topaz is the state of Minas Gerais in Brazil. Some topaz is also mined in the United States, in the Pala region of California, and in the Rocky Mountains.
Natural pink topaz is found in North Pakistan and Russia.

The world's entire supply of imperial topaz is mined from two mines, the Vermelhao mine and the Capao mine, at Ouro Preto in Brazil, where some experts say the deposit will be exhausted very soon. 

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